Genetic engineering can use bacterial or yeast cells to make proteins. The hepatitis B vaccine is made using genetically modified yeast cells.

Antibodies meant to stop the virus from infecting liver cells are neutralized by excess hepatitis B surface proteins floating in the blood.

A medieval castle was built to defend against any attack. How is the immune system similar to a castle?

How does the immune system help to prevent a serious infection?

The Curriculum Planning and Development Division of the Ministry of Education in Singapore Biology team selected two Vaccine Makers Project animations to be featured in their learning resource portal.